Section 7. Taxi and Ground Movement Procedures
3-7-1. GROUND TRAFFIC MOVEMENT
Issue by radio or directional light signals specific
instructions which approve or disapprove the
movement of aircraft, vehicles, equipment, or
personnel on the movement area except where
permitted in an LOA.
REFERENCE-
FAAO JO 7210.3, Para 4-3-1, Letters of Agreement
FAAO JO 7210.3, Para 4-3-2, Appropriate Subjects
a. Do not issue conditional instructions that are
dependent upon the movement of an arrival aircraft
on or approaching the runway or a departure aircraft
established on a takeoff roll. Do not say, “Line up and
wait behind landing traffic,” or “Taxi/proceed across
Runway Three-Six behind departing/landing Citation.” The above requirements do not preclude
issuing instructions to follow an aircraft observed to
be operating on the movement area in accordance
with an ATC clearance/instruction and in such a
manner that the instructions to follow are not
ambiguous.
b. Do not issue unconditional instructions when
authorizing movement on a runway/taxiway for the
purpose of airfield checks or other airport operations.
Instructions must ensure positive control with
specific instructions to proceed on a runway or
movement area, and as necessary, hold short
instructions.
REFERENCE-
FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 3-1-3, USE OF ACTIVE RUNWAYS
FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 3-7-2, TAXI AND GROUND MOVEMENT
OPERATIONS
EXAMPLE-
“Airport 1, proceed on Runway 26R, hold short of Runway
18L.”
“(Tower), Airport 1 at taxiway B8, request to inspect
Runway 26R.” “Airport 1 proceed as requested, hold short
of Runway 18L.”
“Airport 1 proceed on taxi way B, hold short of Runway
18L.”
NOTE-
The following are examples of unconditional instructions
and are not approved for use: “THE FIELD IS YOURS,”
“CLEARED ON ALL SURFACES,” “THE AIRPORT IS
YOURS,” and “PROCEED ON ALL RUNWAYS AND
TAXIWAYS.”
c. Do not use the word “cleared” in conjunction
with authorization for aircraft to taxi or equipment/vehicle/personnel operations. Use the prefix “taxi,”
“proceed,” or “hold,” as appropriate, for aircraft
instructions and “proceed” or “hold” for equipment/vehicles/personnel.
d. Intersection departures may be initiated by a
controller or a controller may authorize an
intersection departure if a pilot requests. Issue the
measured distance from the intersection to the
runway end rounded “down” to the nearest 50 feet to
any pilot who requests and to all military aircraft,
unless use of the intersection is covered in
appropriate directives.
NOTE-
1. Exceptions are authorized where specific military
aircraft routinely make intersection takeoffs and procedures are defined in appropriate directives. The authority
exercising operational control of such aircraft ensures that
all pilots are thoroughly familiar with these procedures,
including the usable runway length from the applicable
intersection.
2. Some airports publish “declared distances” for a
particular runway. These are published in the Airport
Facility Directory (A/FD) or the Aeronautical Information
Publication (AIP) and there is no requirement that facility
personnel be aware of them. These distances are a means
of satisfying airport design criteria and are intended to be
used by pilots and/or operators for preflight performance
planning only. There are no special markings, signing, or
lighting associated with declared distances and they do not
limit the actual runway available for use by an aircraft.
Therefore, they cannot be used for any air traffic control
purpose. If pilots inquire about the existence of declared
distances, refer them to the A/FD or AIP.
PHRASEOLOGY-
RUNWAY (number) AT (taxiway designator)
INTERSECTION DEPARTURE (remaining length) FEET
AVAILABLE.
REFERENCE-
FAAO JO 7110.65, Para
3-9-4, Line Up and Wait (LUAW).
e. Do not use the term “full length” when the
runway length available for departures has been temporarily shortened. On
permanently shortened runways, do not use the term “full length” until the
Airport/Facility Directory is updated to include the change(s).
REFERENCE
–
FAAO JO 7210.3, Para 10-3-11, Airport Construction
FAAO JO 7210.3, Para 10-3-12, Change in Runway Length Due to Construction
3-7-2. TAXI AND GROUND MOVEMENT
OPERATIONS
Issue the route for the aircraft/vehicle to follow on the
movement area in concise and easy to understand
terms. The taxi clearance must include the specific
route to follow. When a taxi clearance to a runway is
issued to an aircraft, confirm the aircraft has the
correct runway assignment.
NOTE-
1. A pilot's read back of taxi instructions with the runway
assignment can be considered confirmation of runway
assignment.
2. Movement of aircraft or vehicles on nonmovement
areas is the responsibility of the pilot, the aircraft operator,
or the airport management.
a. When authorizing an aircraft/vehicle to proceed
on the movement area or to any point other than
assigned takeoff runway, specify the route/taxi
instructions. If it is the intent to hold the
aircraft/vehicle short of any given point along the taxi
route, issue the route and then state the holding
instructions.
NOTE-
1. The absence of holding instructions authorizes an
aircraft/vehicle to cross all taxiways that intersect the taxi
route.
2. Movement of aircraft or vehicles on non-movement
areas is the responsibility of the pilot, the aircraft operator,
or the airport management.
PHRASEOLOGY-
HOLD POSITION.
HOLD FOR (reason)
CROSS (runway/taxiway)
or
TAXI/CONTINUE TAXIING/PROCEED/VIA (route),
or
ON (runway number or taxiways, etc.),
or
TO (location),
or
(direction),
or
ACROSS RUNWAY (number).
or
VIA (route), HOLD SHORT OF (location)
or
FOLLOW (traffic) (restrictions as necessary)
or
BEHIND (traffic).
EXAMPLE-
“Cross Runway Two-Eight Left, hold short of Runway
Two-Eight Right.”
“Taxi/continue taxiing/proceed to the hangar.”
“Taxi/continue taxiing/proceed straight ahead then via
ramp to the hangar.”
“Taxi/continue taxiing/proceed on Taxiway Charlie, hold
short of Runway Two-Seven.”
or
“Taxi/continue taxing/proceed on Charlie, hold short of
Runway Two-Seven.”
b. When authorizing an aircraft to taxi to an
assigned takeoff runway, state the departure runway
followed by the specific taxi route. Issue hold short
restrictions when an aircraft will be required to hold
short of a runway or other points along the taxi route.
NOTE-
If the specific taxi route ends into a connecting taxiway with
the same identifier (for example, taxiway “A” connects
with Taxiway “A1”) at the approach end of the runway, the
connecting taxiway may be omitted from the clearance.
PHRASEOLOGY-
Runway (number), taxi via (route as necessary).
or
Runway (number), taxi via (route as necessary)(hold
short instructions as necessary).”
EXAMPLE-
“Runway Three-Six Left, taxi via taxiway Alpha, hold
short of taxiway Charlie.”
or
“Runway Three-Six Left, taxi via Alpha, hold short of
Charlie.”
or
“Runway Three-Six Left, taxi via taxiway Alpha, hold
short of Runway Two-Seven Right.”
or
“Runway Three-Six Left, taxi via Charlie, cross Runway
Two-Seven Left, hold short of Runway Two-Seven Right.”
or
“Runway Three-Six Left, taxi via Alpha, Charlie, cross
Runway One-Zero.”
c. Aircraft/vehicles must receive a clearance for
each runway their route crosses. An aircraft/vehicle
must have crossed a previous runway before another
runway crossing clearance may be issued.
NOTE-
A clearance is required for aircraft/vehicles to operate on
any active, inactive, or closed runway except for vehicles
operating on closed runways in accordance with a Letter
of Agreement (LOA).
EXAMPLE-
“Cross Runway One-Six Left, hold short of Runway
One-Six Right.”
d. When an aircraft/vehicle is instructed to
“follow” traffic and requires a runway crossing, issue
a runway crossing clearance in addition to the follow
instructions and/or hold short instructions, as
applicable.
EXAMPLE-
“Follow (traffic), cross Runway Two-Seven Right.”
or
“Follow (traffic), cross Runway Two Seven-Right, hold
short Runway Two-Seven Left.”
e. At those airports where the taxi distance
between runway centerlines is less than 1,000 feet,
multiple runway crossings may be issued with a
single clearance. The air traffic manager must submit
a request to the appropriate Terminal Services
Director of Operations for approval before authorizing multiple runway crossings.
REFERENCE-
FAAO JO 7210.3, Para 10-3-10 Multiple Runway Crossings.
f. Request a read back of runway hold short
instructions when it is not received from the
pilot/vehicle operator.
PHRASEOLOGY-
READ BACK HOLD INSTRUCTIONS.
EXAMPLE-
1. “American Four Ninety Two, Runway Three Six Left,
taxi via taxiway Charlie, hold short of Runway Two Seven
Right.”
or
“American Four Ninety Two, Runway Three Six Left, taxi
via Charlie, hold short of Runway Two Seven Right.”
“American Four Ninety Two, Roger.”
“American Four Ninety Two, read back hold instructions.”
2. “Cleveland Tower, American Sixty Three is ready for
departure.”
“American Sixty Three, hold short of Runway Two Three
Left, traffic one mile final.”
“American Sixty Three, Roger.”
“American Sixty Three, read back hold instructions.”
3. “OPS Three proceed via taxiway Charlie hold short of
Runway Two Seven.”
or
“OPS Three proceed via Charlie hold short of Runway Two
Seven.”
“OPS Three, Roger.”
“OPS Three, read back hold instructions.”
NOTE-
Read back hold instructions phraseology may be initiated
for any point on a movement area when the controller
believes the read back is necessary.
g. Issue progressive taxi/ground movement instructions when:
1. A pilot/operator requests.
2. The specialist deems it necessary due to
traffic or field conditions, e.g., construction or closed
taxiways.
3. Necessary during reduced visibility, especially when the taxi route is not visible from the tower.
NOTE-
Progressive instructions may include step-by-step
directions and/or directional turns.
REFERENCE-
FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 3-7-4, Runway Proximity.
FAAO JO 7110.65, Para
3-11-1, Taxi and Ground Movement
Operation.
h. Issue instructions to expedite a taxiing aircraft
or a moving vehicle.
PHRASEOLOGY-
TAXI WITHOUT DELAY (traffic if necessary).
EXIT/PROCEED/CROSS
(runway/taxiway) WITHOUT DELAY.
i.
Issue instructions to aircraft/vehicle to hold
short of an approach hold area.
PHRASEOLOGY-
HOLD SHORT OF (runway) APPROACH
3-7-3. GROUND OPERATIONS
WAKE TURBULENCE APPLICATION |
Avoid clearances which require:
a. Heavy jet aircraft to use greater than normal
taxiing power.
b. Small aircraft or helicopters to taxi in close
proximity to taxiing or hover-taxi helicopters.
NOTE-
Use caution when taxiing smaller aircraft/helicopters in
the vicinity of larger aircraft.
REFERENCE-
AC 90-23, Aircraft Wake Turbulence, Para 10 and Para 11.
3-7-4. RUNWAY PROXIMITY
Hold a taxiing aircraft or vehicle clear of the runway
as follows:
a. Instruct aircraft or vehicle to hold short of a
specific runway.
b. Instruct aircraft or vehicle to hold at a specified
point.
c. Issue traffic information as necessary.
PHRASEOLOGY-
HOLD SHORT OF/AT (runway number or specific point),
(traffic or other information).
NOTE-
Establishing hold lines/signs is the responsibility of the
airport manager. The standards for surface measurements,
markings, and signs are contained in AC 150/5300-13,
Airport Design; AC 150/5340-1, Standards for Airport
Markings, and AC 150/5340-18, Standards for Airport
Sign Systems. The operator is responsible for properly
positioning the aircraft, vehicle, or equipment at the
appropriate hold line/sign or designated point. The
requirements in para
3-1-12, Visually Scanning
Runways, remain valid as appropriate.
REFERENCE-
FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 3-7-2, Taxi and Ground Movement
Operations.
FAAO JO 7110.65, Para
3-10-10, Altitude Restricted Low
Approach.
FAAO JO 7110.65, Para 3-1-5,
Vehicles/Equipment/Personnel on Runways.
3-7-5. PRECISION APPROACH CRITICAL
AREA
a. ILS
critical area dimensions are described in FAA
Order 6750.16, Siting Criteria for Instrument
Landing Systems. Aircraft and vehicle access to the
ILS critical area must be controlled to ensure the
integrity of ILS course signals whenever conditions
are less than reported ceiling 800 feet or visibility
less than 2 miles. Do not authorize vehicles/aircraft
to operate in or over the critical area, except as
specified in subparagraph a1,
whenever an arriving aircraft is inside the ILS outer
marker (OM) or the fix used in lieu of the OM unless
the arriving aircraft has reported the runway in sight
or is circling to land on another runway.
PHRASEOLOGY-
HOLD SHORT OF (runway) ILS CRITICAL AREA.
1. LOCALIZER CRITICAL AREA
(a) Do not authorize vehicle or aircraft
operations in or over the area when an arriving
aircraft is inside the ILS OM or the fix used in lieu of
the OM when conditions are less than reported ceiling
800 feet or visibility less than 2 miles, except:
(1) A preceding arriving aircraft on the
same or another runway that passes over or through
the area while landing or exiting the runway.
(2) A preceding departing aircraft or
missed approach on the same or another runway that
passes through or over the area.
(b) In addition
to subparagraph
a1(a),
when
conditions are less than reported ceiling 200 feet
or RVR 2,000 feet, do not authorize vehicles or
aircraft operations in or over the area when an
arriving aircraft is inside the middle marker, or in
the absence of a middle marker, ½ mile final.
2. GLIDESLOPE CRITICAL AREA. Do not
authorize vehicles or aircraft operations in or over the
area when an arriving aircraft is inside the ILS OM or
the fix used in lieu of the OM unless the arriving
aircraft has reported the runway in sight or is circling
to land on another runway when conditions are less
than reported ceiling 800 feet or visibility less than
2 miles.
b. Operators commonly conduct “coupled” or
“autoland” approaches to satisfy maintenance,
training, or reliability program requirements.
Promptly issue an advisory if the critical area will
not be protected when an arriving aircraft advises
that a “coupled,” “CATIII,” “autoland,” or similar
type approach will be conducted and the weather indicates a reported ceiling of 800 feet or more, or
the visibility is 2 miles or more.
PHRASEOLOGY-
ILS CRITICAL AREA NOT PROTECTED.
c. The Department of Defense (DOD) is authorized to define criteria for protection of precision
approach critical areas at military controlled airports.
This protection is provided to all aircraft operating at
that military controlled airport. Waiver authority for
DOD precision approach critical area criteria rests
with the appropriate military authority.
NOTE-
Signs and markings are installed by the airport operator to
define the ILS/MLS critical area. No point along the
longitudinal axis of the aircraft is permitted past the hold
line for holding purposes. The operator is responsible to
properly position the aircraft, vehicle, or equipment at the
appropriate hold line/sign or designated point. The
requirements in para
3-1-12, Visually Scanning
Runways, remain valid as appropriate.
REFERENCE-
AC150/5340-1, Standards for Airport Markings.
3-7-6. PRECISION OBSTACLE FREE ZONE
(POFZ) AND FINAL APPROACH OBSTACLE
CLEARANCE SURFACES (OCS)
a. Ensure the POFZ is clear of traffic (aircraft or
vehicles) when an aircraft on a vertically-guided
final approach is within 2 miles of the runway
threshold and the reported ceiling is below 300 feet or
visibility is less than 3/4 SM to protect aircraft
executing a missed approach.
NOTE-
Only horizontal surfaces (e.g., the wings) can penetrate the
POFZ, but not the vertical surfaces (e.g., fuselage or tail).
Three hundred feet (300) is used because ATC does not
measure ceilings in fifty (50) foot increments.
b. Ensure the final approach OCS (e.g., ILS /LPV
W, X, and Y surfaces) are clear of aircraft/vehicles
when an aircraft on the vertically-guided approach is
within 2 miles of the runway threshold and the
reported ceiling is below 800 feet or visibility is less
than 2 SM to protect aircraft executing a missed
approach.
NOTE-
1. The POFZ and the close-in portion of the final
approach obstacle clearance surfaces protect aircraft
executing a missed approach. Their dimensions are
described in FAAO 8260.3b, Volume III, Chapter 3,
para 3.4, United States Standards for Terminal Instrument
Procedures.
2. Vehicles that are less than 10 feet in height, necessary
for the maintenance of the airport and/or navigation
facilities operating outside the movement area, are exempt.
c. If it is not possible to clear the POFZ or OCS
prior to an aircraft reaching a point 2 miles from the
runway threshold and the weather is less than
described in subparas a or b above, issue traffic to the
landing aircraft.
NOTE-
The POFZ and/or OCS must be cleared as soon as
practical.
PHRASEOLOGY-
(ACID), IN THE EVENT OF MISSED APPROACH
(issue traffic).
TAXIING AIRCRAFT/VEHICLE LEFT/RIGHT OF
RUNWAY.
EXAMPLE-
“United 623, in the event of missed approach, taxiing
aircraft right of runway.”
“Delta 1058, in the event of missed approach, vehicle left
of runway.”
REFERENCE-
FAAO JO 7110.65, Para
3-1-6, Traffic Information.
FIG 3-7-1
Precision Obstacle Free Zone (POFZ)
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