Chapter 4. Air Traffic Control ▶ Section 1. Services Available to Pilots 4-1-1. Air Route Traffic Control Centers 4-1-2. Control Towers 4-1-3. Flight Service Stations 4-1-4. Recording and Monitoring 4-1-5. Communications Release of IFR Aircraft Landing at an Airport Without an Operating Control Tower 4-1-6. Pilot Visits to Air Traffic Facilities 4-1-7. Operation Rain Check 4-1-8. Approach Control Service for VFR Arriving Aircraft 4-1-9. Traffic Advisory Practices at Airports Without Operating Control Towers 4-1-10. IFR Approaches/Ground Vehicle Operations 4-1-11. Designated UNICOM/MULTICOM Frequencies 4-1-12. Use of UNICOM for ATC Purposes 4-1-13. Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) 4-1-14. Automatic Flight Information Service (AFIS) - Alaska FSSs Only 4-1-15. Radar Traffic Information Service 4-1-16. Safety Alert 4-1-17. Radar Assistance to VFR Aircraft 4-1-18. Terminal Radar Services for VFR Aircraft 4-1-19. Tower En Route Control (TEC) 4-1-20. Transponder and ADS-B Out Operation 4-1-21. Airport Reservation Operations and Special Traffic Management Programs 4-1-22. Requests for Waivers and Authorizations from Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) 4-1-23. Weather Systems Processor ▶ Section 2. Radio Communications Phraseology and Techniques 4-2-1. General 4-2-2. Radio Technique 4-2-3. Contact Procedures 4-2-4. Aircraft Call Signs 4-2-5. Description of Interchange or Leased Aircraft 4-2-6. Ground Station Call Signs 4-2-7. Phonetic Alphabet 4-2-8. Figures 4-2-9. Altitudes and Flight Levels 4-2-10. Directions 4-2-11. Speeds 4-2-12. Time 4-2-13. Communications with Tower when Aircraft Transmitter or Receiver or Both are Inoperative 4-2-14. Communications for VFR Flights ▶ Section 3. Airport Operations 4-3-1. General 4-3-2. Airports with an Operating Control Tower 4-3-3. Traffic Patterns 4-3-4. Visual Indicators at Airports Without an Operating Control Tower 4-3-5. Unexpected Maneuvers in the Airport Traffic Pattern 4-3-6. Use of Runways/Declared Distances 4-3-7. Low Level Wind Shear/Microburst Detection Systems 4-3-8. Braking Action Reports and Advisories 4-3-9. Runway Condition Reports 4-3-10. Intersection Takeoffs 4-3-11. Pilot Responsibilities When Conducting Land and Hold Short Operations (LAHSO) 4-3-12. Low Approach 4-3-13. Traffic Control Light Signals 4-3-14. Communications 4-3-15. Gate Holding Due to Departure Delays 4-3-16. VFR Flights in Terminal Areas 4-3-17. VFR Helicopter Operations at Controlled Airports 4-3-18. Taxiing 4-3-19. Taxi During Low Visibility 4-3-20. Standard Taxi Routes 4-3-21. Exiting the Runway After Landing 4-3-22. Practice Instrument Approaches 4-3-23. Option Approach 4-3-24. Use of Aircraft Lights 4-3-25. Flight Inspection/`Flight Check' Aircraft in Terminal Areas 4-3-26. Hand Signals 4-3-27. Operations at Uncontrolled Airports With Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS)/Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS) ▶ Section 4. ATC Clearances and Aircraft Separation 4-4-1. Clearance 4-4-2. Clearance Prefix 4-4-3. Clearance Items 4-4-4. Amended Clearances 4-4-5. Coded Departure Route (CDR) 4-4-6. Special VFR Clearances 4-4-7. Pilot Responsibility upon Clearance Issuance 4-4-8. IFR Clearance VFR-on-top 4-4-9. VFR/IFR Flights 4-4-10. Adherence to Clearance 4-4-11. IFR Separation Standards 4-4-12. Speed Adjustments 4-4-13. Runway Separation 4-4-14. Visual Separation 4-4-15. Use of Visual Clearing Procedures and Scanning Techniques 4-4-16. Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS I & II) 4-4-17. Traffic Information Service (TIS) ▶ Section 5. Surveillance Systems 4-5-1. Radar 4-5-2. Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) 4-5-3. Surveillance Radar 4-5-4. Precision Approach Radar (PAR) 4-5-5. Airport Surface Detection Equipment (ASDE-X)/Airport Surface Surveillance Capability (ASSC) 4-5-6. Traffic Information Service (TIS) 4-5-7. Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) Services 4-5-8. Traffic Information Service- Broadcast (TIS-B) 4-5-9. Flight Information Service- Broadcast (FIS-B) 4-5-10. Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Rebroadcast (ADS-R) ▶ Section 6. Operational Policy/Procedures for Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) in the Domestic U.S., Alaska, Offshore Airspace and the San Juan FIR 4-6-1. Applicability and RVSM Mandate (Date/Time and Area) 4-6-2. Flight Level Orientation Scheme 4-6-3. Aircraft and Operator Approval Policy/Procedures, RVSM Monitoring and Databases for Aircraft and Operator Approval 4-6-4. Flight Planning into RVSM Airspace 4-6-5. Pilot RVSM Operating Practices and Procedures 4-6-6. Guidance on Severe Turbulence and Mountain Wave Activity (MWA) 4-6-7. Guidance on Wake Turbulence 4-6-8. Pilot/Controller Phraseology 4-6-9. Contingency Actions: Weather Encounters and Aircraft System Failures that Occur After Entry into RVSM Airspace 4-6-10. Procedures for Accommodation of Non-RVSM Aircraft 4-6-11. Non-RVSM Aircraft Requesting Climb to and Descent from Flight Levels Above RVSM Airspace Without Intermediate Level Off ▶ Section 7. Operational Policy/Procedures for the Gulf of America 50 NM Lateral Separation Initiative 4-7-1. Introduction and General Policies 4-7-2. Accommodating Non-RNP 10 Aircraft 4-7-3. Obtaining RNP 10 or RNP 4 Operational Authorization 4-7-4. Authority for Operations with a Single Long-Range Navigation System 4-7-5. Flight Plan Requirements 4-7-6. Contingency Procedures