Chapter 7. Safety of Flight ▶ Section 1. Meteorology 7-1-1. National Weather Service Aviation Weather Service Program 7-1-2. FAA Weather Services 7-1-3. Use of Aviation Weather Products 7-1-4. Graphical Forecasts for Aviation (GFA) 7-1-5. Preflight Briefing 7-1-6. Inflight Aviation Weather Advisories 7-1-7. Categorical Ceiling and Visibility Conditions 7-1-8. Inflight Weather Advisory Broadcasts 7-1-9. Flight Information Services (FIS) 7-1-10. Weather Observing Programs 7-1-11. Weather Radar Services 7-1-12. ATC Inflight Weather Avoidance Assistance 7-1-13. Runway Visual Range (RVR) 7-1-14. Reporting of Cloud Heights 7-1-15. Reporting Prevailing Visibility 7-1-16. Estimating Intensity of Rain and Ice Pellets 7-1-17. Estimating Intensity of Snow or Drizzle (Based on Visibility) 7-1-18. Pilot Weather Reports (PIREPs) 7-1-19. PIREPs Relating to Airframe Icing 7-1-20. Definitions of Inflight Icing Terms 7-1-21. PIREPs Relating to Turbulence 7-1-22. Wind Shear PIREPs 7-1-23. Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) PIREPs 7-1-24. Microbursts 7-1-25. PIREPs Relating to Volcanic Ash Activity 7-1-26. Thunderstorms 7-1-27. Thunderstorm Flying 7-1-28. Key to Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) and Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) 7-1-29. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Weather Formats ▶ Section 2. Barometric Altimeter Errors and Setting Procedures 7-2-1. General 7-2-2. Barometric Pressure Altimeter Errors 7-2-3. Altimeter Errors ▶ Section 3. Cold Temperature Barometric Altimeter Errors, Setting Procedures and Cold Temperature Airports (CTA) 7-3-1. Effect of Cold Temperature on Barometric Altimeters 7-3-2. Pre-Flight Planning for Cold Temperature Altimeter Errors 7-3-3. Effects of Cold Temperature on Baro-Vertical Navigation (VNAV) Vertical Guidance 7-3-4. Cold Temperature Airports (CTA) 7-3-5. Cold Temperature Airport Procedures 7-3-6. Examples for Calculating Altitude Corrections on CTAs ▶ Section 4. Wake Turbulence 7-4-1. General 7-4-2. Vortex Generation 7-4-3. Vortex Strength 7-4-4. Vortex Behavior 7-4-5. Operations Problem Areas 7-4-6. Vortex Avoidance Procedures 7-4-7. Helicopters 7-4-8. Pilot Responsibility 7-4-9. Air Traffic Wake Turbulence Separations ▶ Section 5. Bird Hazards and Flight Over National Refuges, Parks, and Forests 7-5-1. Migratory Bird Activity 7-5-2. Reducing Bird Strike Risks 7-5-3. Reporting Bird Strikes 7-5-4. Reporting Bird and Other Wildlife Activities 7-5-5. Pilot Advisories on Bird and Other Wildlife Hazards 7-5-6. Flights Over Charted U.S. Wildlife Refuges, Parks, and Forest Service Areas ▶ Section 6. Potential Flight Hazards 7-6-1. Accident Causal Factors 7-6-2. Reporting Radio/Radar Altimeter Anomalies 7-6-3. VFR in Congested Areas 7-6-4. Obstructions To Flight 7-6-5. Avoid Flight Beneath Unmanned Balloons 7-6-6. Unmanned Aircraft Systems 7-6-7. Mountain Flying 7-6-8. Use of Runway Half-way Signs at Unimproved Airports 7-6-9. Seaplane Safety 7-6-10. Flight Operations in Volcanic Ash 7-6-11. Emergency Airborne Inspection of Other Aircraft 7-6-12. Precipitation Static 7-6-13. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (Laser) Operations and Reporting Illumination of Aircraft 7-6-14. Flying in Flat Light, Brown Out Conditions, and White Out Conditions 7-6-15. Operations in Ground Icing Conditions 7-6-16. Avoid Flight in the Vicinity of Exhaust Plumes (Smoke Stacks and Cooling Towers) 7-6-17. Space Launch and Reentry Area 7-6-18. Automatic Landing Operations ▶ Section 7. Safety, Accident, and Hazard Reports 7-7-1. Aviation Safety Reporting Program 7-7-2. Aircraft Accident and Incident Reporting 7-7-3. Near Midair Collision Reporting 7-7-4. Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) Reports 7-7-5. Safety Alerts For Operators (SAFO) and Information For Operators (InFO)