Wake Vortex Encounter - Mitigation
Wake vortices are masses of counter-rotating air created as a by-product of the generation of lift. Every aircraft that uses a fixed or rotary airfoil to generate lift in flight creates wake vortices of varying initial strength and persistence. Wake vortices from similar or larger size generating (lead) aircraft are a hazard to encountering (following) aircraft that may vary from light turbulence encounters to a Loss of Control-Inflight or in-flight breakup accident.
Pilots are advised to:
- Learn to visualize the behavior, location, and movements of wake vortices from similar or larger size generating aircraft.
- Proactively adjust their flight path or delay operations as needed to avoid or mitigate a wake vortex encounter.
- Be alert for possible wake vortex encounters, particularly during takeoff, approach, and landing operations.
- Follow the wake vortex encounter avoidance and mitigation guidance contained in AC 90-23 as amended, applicable aircraft manuals, and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM).
Pilots have the ultimate responsibility for the safe operation of their aircraft. Pilots arriving and departing from uncontrolled airports, or accepting a clearance for a visual approach, operating using Visual Flight Rules (VFR) outside of controlled airspace are accepting the responsibility for wake vortex encounter avoidance and mitigation. When Air Traffic Control (ATC) is providing separation services, the controller shares in this responsibility. ATC mitigates wake vortex encounter risk through minimum separation standards between leader aircraft and follower aircraft, as well as information reports to pilots such as Wake Turbulence Cautionary Advisories.
Below you will find links to Wake Turbulence guidance, as well as detailed information on the airspace and equipment requirements and capabilities.
Advisory Circulars (AC)
| Number | Title |
|---|---|
| AC 90-23G | Aircraft Wake Turbulence |
Other Information and Guidance
| Number | Title |
|---|---|
| Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) | Chapter 7 Section 4. Wake Turbulence |
| Wake Turbulence Training Aid | FAA Wake Turbulence Training Aid |
| ICAO AUPRTA | Airplane Upset Prevention & Recovery Training Aid (Rev 3) |
| JO 7110.126B | Consolidated Wake Turbulence (CWT) |
| JO 7110.308D | Simultaneous Dependent Approaches to Closely Spaced Parallel Runways |
| JO 7110.316 | Reduced Wake Turbulence Separation on Departure from Heavy/B757 Aircraft Departing Parallel Runways, Spaced Less Than 2,500 Feet, Using Wake Turbulence Mitigation for Departures (WTMD) |
| JO 7360.1 (as revised) | Aircraft Type Designators |
| JO 7110.65 (as revised) | Air Traffic Control |
Focal Point: Flight Technologies and Procedures Division, Flight Operations Group (AFS-410)
Email: 9-AWA-AVS-AFS-400-Flight-Technologies-Procedures@faa.gov
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