Transport Airplane: Threat Categories/ Groupings Accidents

Threat Category: Bird Hazards

Collisions between airplanes and birds have occurred from nearly the beginning of aviation. Although rare, these collisions have occasionally resulted in catastrophic damage to the airplane. Currently, protection from the hazards of birds is the result of both measures taken to keep the collision from happening, such as bird control programs at certain airports, as well as providing robust airplane and engine designs so that even severe encounters are able to be withstood.

Date	Operator	Flight	City	State	Country	Make	Model	Series
10/4/1960	Eastern Airlines	375	Boston	Massachusetts	United States	Lockheed	L-188 Electra
11/23/1962	United Airlines	297	Ellicott City	Maryland	United States	Vickers-Armstrongs	Viscount 745
11/12/1975	Overseas National Airways	32	Jamaica	New York	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-10	30

Threat Category: Cabin Safety/ Hazardous Cargo

Civil aircraft cabin safety was initially limited to seat static load requirements, incorporation of seat belts, and cabin exit requirements. In the late 1960's transport category cabin safety requirements began to evolve with the interest of protecting aircraft occupants during and following "survivable" crash scenarios that might be experienced in hard landings, runway overruns or land-short accidents.

Hazardous cargo's capacity to generate fire, smoke or fumes, has received increased attention in the wake of the 1996 Valujet accident. Threat management relies on the proper recognition, identification, and handling of hazardous cargo.

Date	Operator	Flight	City	State	Country	Make	Model	Series
11/11/1965	United Airlines	227	Salt Lake City	Utah	United States	Boeing	727	22
11/3/1973	National Airlines	27	Albuquerque	New Mexico	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-10	10
3/1/1978	Continental Airlines	603	Los Angeles	California	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-10	10
8/19/1980	Saudi Arabian Airlines	163	Riyadh		Saudi Arabia	Lockheed	L-1011	10
6/2/1983	Air Canada	797	Covington	Kentucky	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-9	32
8/22/1985	British Airtours	KT28M	Manchester		England	Boeing	737	236
1/8/1989	British Midland	92	Kegworth	Leicestershire	England	Boeing	737	400
1/25/1990	Avianca Airlines	52	Long Island	New York	United States	Boeing	707	321B
2/1/1991	USAir	1493	Los Angeles	California	United States	Boeing	737	300
2/1/1991	Skywest	5569	Los Angeles	California	United States	Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner	SA-277-AC
5/11/1996	ValuJet Airlines	592	Everglades	Florida	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-9	32
9/2/1998	Swissair	111	Peggy's Cove		Nova Scotia	McDonnell Douglas	MD-11
8/20/2007	China Airlines	120	Okinawa		Japan	Boeing	737	800
9/3/2010	United Parcel Service	6	Dubai		United Arab Emirates	Boeing	747	44AF
4/29/2013	National Airlines	102	Bagram		Afghanistan	Boeing	747	400 BCF

Threat Category: Crew Resource Management

The cause of many accidents is inadequate communications between crewmembers. In the early years of commercial aviation, the captain's decisions were always the "right" ones with little or no input from the other crewmembers. Beginning in the late 70's, Crew Resource Management (CRM) taught pilots how to integrate human factors with the technical skills of flying airplanes.

Date	Operator	Flight	City	State	Country	Make	Model	Series
11/11/1965	United Airlines	227	Salt Lake City	Utah	United States	Boeing	727	22
12/29/1972	Eastern Airlines	401	Miami	Florida	United States	Lockheed	L-1011
12/1/1974	Trans World Airlines	514	Mt. Weather	Virginia	United States	Boeing	727	231
4/27/1976	American Airlines	625	St. Thomas		Virgin Islands	Boeing	727	95
3/27/1977	KLM	4805	Tenerife	Canary Islands	Spain	Boeing	747	206B
3/27/1977	Pan American World Airways	1736	Tenerife	Canary Islands	Spain	Boeing	747	121
12/28/1978	United Airlines	173	Portland	Oregon	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-8	61
8/19/1980	Saudi Arabian Airlines	163	Riyadh		Saudi Arabia	Lockheed	L-1011	10
1/13/1982	Air Florida	90	Washington	D.C.	United States	Boeing	737	200
6/2/1983	Air Canada	797	Covington	Kentucky	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-9	32
1/8/1989	British Midland	92	Kegworth	Leicestershire	England	Boeing	737	400
3/10/1989	Air Ontario	1363	Dryden	Ontario	Canada	Fokker	28
1/25/1990	Avianca Airlines	52	Long Island	New York	United States	Boeing	707	321B
2/14/1990	Indian Airlines	605	Bangalore		India	Airbus	A320	321
1/20/1992	Air Inter	IFT148 DA	Strasbourg		France	Airbus	A320	111
9/13/1993	Air France	72	Papeete		French Polynesia	Boeing	747	428B
4/26/1994	China Airlines	140	Nagoya		Japan	Airbus	300B4-622R
12/20/1995	American Airlines	965	Cali		Colombia	Boeing	757	223
2/6/1996	Birgenair	ALW301	Puerto Plata		Dominican Republic	Boeing	757	200
8/6/1997	Korean Airlines	801	Nimitz Hill		Guam	Boeing	747	300
6/1/1999	American Airlines	1420	Little Rock	Arkansas	United States	McDonnell Douglas	MD-82
8/24/2001	Air Transat	TSC236	Lajes	Azores	Portugal	Airbus	A330	243
8/14/2005	Helios Airways	52	Hellas		Greece	Boeing	737	300
8/27/2006	Comair	5191	Lexington	Kentucky	United States	Bombardier	CL-600-2B19
2/12/2009	Colgan Air	3407	Clarence Center	New York	United States	Bombardier	DHC-8-400

Threat Category: Flight Deck Layout/ Avionics Confusion

Flight deck layout and alert/warning display strategies influence a crew's ability to interface with their airplane, and can include issues with the arrangement, and/or visibility of flight deck displays/controls. Regulations require that displays must be visible and usable, without inducing unnecessary concentration or fatigue. With increased flight deck sophistication and avionics complexity, methods of conveying critical information to flight crews have evolved. Variations in information presentation, and/or differences in function can create confusion if not carefully evaluated and examined through a range of operational situations. Human factors engineers and flight test pilots work together to determine proper arrangement of flight deck components and methods of conveying information.

Date	Operator	Flight	City	State	Country	Make	Model	Series
1/18/1969	United Airlines	266	Los Angeles	California	United States	Boeing	727	22C
12/29/1972	Eastern Airlines	401	Miami	Florida	United States	Lockheed	L-1011
5/25/1979	American Airlines	191	Chicago	Illinois	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-10
1/13/1982	Air Florida	90	Washington	D.C.	United States	Boeing	737	200
8/16/1987	Northwest Airlines	255	Detroit	Michigan	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-9
1/8/1989	British Midland	92	Kegworth	Leicestershire	England	Boeing	737	400
2/14/1990	Indian Airlines	605	Bangalore		India	Airbus	A320	321
1/20/1992	Air Inter	IFT148 DA	Strasbourg		France	Airbus	A320	111
9/13/1993	Air France	72	Papeete		French Polynesia	Boeing	747	428B
4/26/1994	China Airlines	140	Nagoya		Japan	Airbus	300B4-622R
12/20/1995	American Airlines	965	Cali		Colombia	Boeing	757	223
2/6/1996	Birgenair	ALW301	Puerto Plata		Dominican Republic	Boeing	757	200
10/31/1996	TAM	402	Sao Paulo		Brazil	Fokker	100
8/6/1997	Korean Airlines	801	Nimitz Hill		Guam	Boeing	747	300
8/24/2001	Air Transat	TSC236	Lajes	Azores	Portugal	Airbus	A330	243
7/1/2002	Bashkirian Airlines	2937	Überlingen		Germany	Tupolev	TU154M
7/1/2002	DHL	611	Überlingen		Germany	Boeing	757	200
8/14/2005	Helios Airways	52	Hellas		Greece	Boeing	737	300
1/15/2009	US Airways	1549	New York	New York	United States	Airbus	A320	214
2/12/2009	Colgan Air	3407	Clarence Center	New York	United States	Bombardier	DHC-8-400

Threat Category: Fuel Exhaustion

Fuel exhaustion and the subsequent loss of thrust from more than one engine, and potentially all engines, is often a catastrophic event. Although transport airplanes are capable of controlled flight during an all-engine out event, the high descent speeds and absence of a safe landing area, result in approximately half of the all-engine out events that have occurred in recent years to be crashes with substantial loss of life. The reasons for fuel exhaustion range from undiscovered fuel leaks, fuel system mismanagement, navigation errors (e.g. being lost), inattention to the fuel gauges, and other reasons.

Date	Operator	Flight	City	State	Country	Make	Model	Series
12/28/1978	United Airlines	173	Portland	Oregon	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-8	61
7/23/1983	Air Canada	143	Gimli	Manitoba	Canada	Boeing	767	233
1/25/1990	Avianca Airlines	52	Long Island	New York	United States	Boeing	707	321B
8/24/2001	Air Transat	TSC236	Lajes	Azores	Portugal	Airbus	A330	243

Threat Category: Fuel Tank Ignition

Aviation fuel tank safety has been predicated upon the absence of any form of heat or spark within the fuel tank ullage space that could ignite fuel. While this approach has been fairly successful, several fuel tank explosions over the last 20 years has caused this strategy to be called into question. The accidents included in this category have been instrumental in shaping the safety requirements currently being applied, and are helping determine alternative approaches which may be applied to future designs.

Date	Operator	Flight	City	State	Country	Make	Model	Series
12/8/1963	Pan American World Airways	214	Elkton	Maryland	United States	Boeing	707	121
7/17/1996	Trans World Airlines	800	Long Island	New York	United States	Boeing	747	100

Threat Category: Inclement Weather/ Icing

Transport airplanes and their engines are capable of operation in virtually all forms of atmospheric weather conditions in nearly every part of the globe. Like all other safety categories, however, the standards related to weather, both design and operation, have evolved as the technology has improved and the lessons related to the environmental threats have been better understood. Safety of flight is achieved by a combination of robust airplane capability, and operation in a manner such that hazardous weather conditions are avoided.

Date	Operator	Flight	City	State	Country	Make	Model	Series
1/18/1960	Capital Airlines	20	Charles City	Virginia	United States	Vickers-Armstrongs	Viscount 700
2/12/1963	Northwest Airlines	705	Miami	Florida	United States	Boeing	720B
12/8/1963	Pan American World Airways	214	Elkton	Maryland	United States	Boeing	707	121
4/4/1977	Southern Airways	242	New Hope	Georgia	United States	Douglas	DC-9	31
1/13/1982	Air Florida	90	Washington	D.C.	United States	Boeing	737	200
5/24/1988	TACA International Airlines	110	New Orleans	Louisiana	United States	Boeing	737	300
3/10/1989	Air Ontario	1363	Dryden	Ontario	Canada	Fokker	28
12/27/1991	Scandinavian Airlines System	751	Gottröra		Sweden	McDonnell Douglas	MD-81
10/31/1994	Simmons Airlines American Eagle	4184	Roselawn	Indiana	United States	Avions de Transport Regional	72-212
1/9/1997	Comair	3272	Monroe	Michigan	United States	Embraer	EMB-120RT
12/8/2005	Southwest Airlines	1248	Chicago	Illinois	United States	Boeing	737	700

Threat Category: Incorrect Piloting Technique

All pilots use the flight controls in the same way, whether the plane is a small general aviation airplane or a large commercial airliner. Mistakes made by a low-time pilot generally reflect inexperience and lack of training: either the basic manipulation of the flight controls is not yet automatic and the pilot does not demonstrate a proper "feel" for the aircraft, or the pilot lacks the specific training and knowledge to make correct avionic or aeronautical decisions. Incorrect piloting technique in an airline pilot, however, who possesses more experience and whose control or avionic inputs are more instinctive, tend to occur from more subjective factors, such as stress, fatigue, and/or confusion. However, similar to the inexperienced pilot, insufficient or improper training and checking can also play a role with the airline pilot due to upgrade, transition or initial training on new or different equipment flown.

Date	Operator	Flight	City	State	Country	Make	Model	Series
2/12/1963	Northwest Airlines	705	Miami	Florida	United States	Boeing	720B
11/11/1965	United Airlines	227	Salt Lake City	Utah	United States	Boeing	727	22
12/1/1974	Trans World Airlines	514	Mt. Weather	Virginia	United States	Boeing	727	231
4/27/1976	American Airlines	625	St. Thomas		Virgin Islands	Boeing	727	95
8/2/1985	Delta Airlines	191	Dallas/Fort Worth	Texas	United States	Lockheed	L-1011
8/16/1987	Northwest Airlines	255	Detroit	Michigan	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-9
2/14/1990	Indian Airlines	605	Bangalore		India	Airbus	A320	321
1/20/1992	Air Inter	IFT148 DA	Strasbourg		France	Airbus	A320	111
9/13/1993	Air France	72	Papeete		French Polynesia	Boeing	747	428B
4/26/1994	China Airlines	140	Nagoya		Japan	Airbus	300B4-622R
9/8/1994	USAir	427	Aliquippa	Pennsylvania	United States	Boeing	737	3B7
2/6/1996	Birgenair	ALW301	Puerto Plata		Dominican Republic	Boeing	757	200
8/6/1997	Korean Airlines	801	Nimitz Hill		Guam	Boeing	747	300
6/1/1999	American Airlines	1420	Little Rock	Arkansas	United States	McDonnell Douglas	MD-82
11/12/2001	American Airlines	587	Belle Harbor	NewYork	United States	Airbus	A300	600
11/6/2002	Luxair	LG9642/LH2420	Luxembourg		Luxembourg	Fokker	F27 Mk 050
12/8/2005	Southwest Airlines	1248	Chicago	Illinois	United States	Boeing	737	700
2/12/2009	Colgan Air	3407	Clarence Center	New York	United States	Bombardier	DHC-8-400

Threat Category: In-flight Upsets

Inflight upsets can result from a number of causes, ranging from external atmospheric anomalies to internal airplane failures such as flight control or structural failures. Any unintended deviation from the planned flight path is an upset, but the degree of upset can greatly affect a flight crew's ability to recover to normal flight. An upset is generally characterized by a loss of airplane control, at least for a short period. This category describes the history of inflight upsets, and the accidents that have resulted from the variety of upset causes.

Date	Operator	Flight	City	State	Country	Make	Model	Series
2/12/1963	Northwest Airlines	705	Miami	Florida	United States	Boeing	720B
9/11/1991	Continental Express	2574	Eagle Lake	Texas	United States	Embraer	EMB-120RT
9/8/1994	USAir	427	Aliquippa	Pennsylvania	United States	Boeing	737	3B7
10/31/1994	Simmons Airlines American Eagle	4184	Roselawn	Indiana	United States	Avions de Transport Regional	72-212
1/9/1997	Comair	3272	Monroe	Michigan	United States	Embraer	EMB-120RT
8/7/1997	Fine Air	101	Miami	Florida	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-8	61
11/12/2001	American Airlines	587	Belle Harbor	NewYork	United States	Airbus	A300	600
2/12/2009	Colgan Air	3407	Clarence Center	New York	United States	Bombardier	DHC-8-400
4/29/2013	National Airlines	102	Bagram		Afghanistan	Boeing	747	400 BCF

Threat Category: Lack of System Isolation / Segregation

Lack of system isolation / segregation involves a condition where a malfunction or failure condition affects more than one system, or cascades a failure condition into subsequent failures. This can be a result from a major event such as a structural failure, a fire that consumes multiple systems, or lack of system architecture itself that allows a failure condition to impact multiple systems or functions.

Date	Operator	Flight	City	State	Country	Make	Model	Series
1/18/1960	Capital Airlines	20	Charles City	Virginia	United States	Vickers-Armstrongs	Viscount 700
1/18/1969	United Airlines	266	Los Angeles	California	United States	Boeing	727	22C
3/3/1974	Turk Hava	TK981	Paris		France	McDonnell Douglas	DC-10
5/25/1979	American Airlines	191	Chicago	Illinois	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-10
1/13/1982	Air Florida	90	Washington	D.C.	United States	Boeing	737	200
7/23/1983	Air Canada	143	Gimli	Manitoba	Canada	Boeing	767	233
8/12/1985	Japan Airlines	123	Gunma Prefecture		Japan	Boeing	747	SR
8/16/1987	Northwest Airlines	255	Detroit	Michigan	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-9
2/24/1989	United Airlines	811	Honolulu	Hawaii	United States	Boeing	747	122
7/19/1989	United Airlines	232	Sioux City	Iowa	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-10
5/26/1991	Lauda Air	NG004	Bangkok		Thailand	Boeing	767	300ER
12/27/1991	Scandinavian Airlines System	751	Gottröra		Sweden	McDonnell Douglas	MD-81
9/8/1994	USAir	427	Aliquippa	Pennsylvania	United States	Boeing	737	3B7
10/31/1996	TAM	402	Sao Paulo		Brazil	Fokker	100
9/2/1998	Swissair	111	Peggy's Cove		Nova Scotia	McDonnell Douglas	MD-11
1/31/2000	Alaska Airlines	261	Anacapa Island	California	United States	McDonnell Douglas	MD-83
8/24/2001	Air Transat	TSC236	Lajes	Azores	Portugal	Airbus	A330	243
11/6/2002	Luxair	LG9642/LH2420	Luxembourg		Luxembourg	Fokker	F27 Mk 050
8/14/2005	Helios Airways	52	Hellas		Greece	Boeing	737	300
8/20/2007	China Airlines	120	Okinawa		Japan	Boeing	737	800
1/17/2008	British Airways	38	London		England	Boeing	777	236ER

Threat Category: Landing/ Takeoff Excursions

Takeoff or landing runway excursions have historically been a factor in a number of high profile accidents. High energy departures from the end, or sides of a runway during takeoff or landing have, on numerous occasions, had catastrophic results. In response to runway excursion accidents, the industry has adopted new criteria both operationally, and in certification requirements, to mitigate the occurrence rate of runway excursions, and to alleviate the catastrophic effects should an excursion occur.

Date	Operator	Flight	City	State	Country	Make	Model	Series
11/11/1965	United Airlines	227	Salt Lake City	Utah	United States	Boeing	727	22
4/27/1976	American Airlines	625	St. Thomas		Virgin Islands	Boeing	727	95
2/11/1978	Pacific Western Airlines	314	Cranbrook	British Columbia	Canada	Boeing	737	275
3/1/1978	Continental Airlines	603	Los Angeles	California	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-10	10
8/16/1987	Northwest Airlines	255	Detroit	Michigan	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-9
3/10/1989	Air Ontario	1363	Dryden	Ontario	Canada	Fokker	28
9/13/1993	Air France	72	Papeete		French Polynesia	Boeing	747	428B
10/31/1996	TAM	402	Sao Paulo		Brazil	Fokker	100
6/1/1999	American Airlines	1420	Little Rock	Arkansas	United States	McDonnell Douglas	MD-82
12/8/2005	Southwest Airlines	1248	Chicago	Illinois	United States	Boeing	737	700
8/27/2006	Comair	5191	Lexington	Kentucky	United States	Bombardier	CL-600-2B19
11/11/1965	United Airlines	227	Salt Lake City	Utah	United States	Boeing	727	22
4/27/1976	American Airlines	625	St. Thomas		Virgin Islands	Boeing	727	95
2/11/1978	Pacific Western Airlines	314	Cranbrook	British Columbia	Canada	Boeing	737	275
3/1/1978	Continental Airlines	603	Los Angeles	California	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-10	10
8/16/1987	Northwest Airlines	255	Detroit	Michigan	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-9
3/10/1989	Air Ontario	1363	Dryden	Ontario	Canada	Fokker	28
9/13/1993	Air France	72	Papeete		French Polynesia	Boeing	747	428B
10/31/1996	TAM	402	Sao Paulo		Brazil	Fokker	100
6/1/1999	American Airlines	1420	Little Rock	Arkansas	United States	McDonnell Douglas	MD-82
12/8/2005	Southwest Airlines	1248	Chicago	Illinois	United States	Boeing	737	700

Threat Category: Midair/ Ground Incursions

The purpose of Air Traffic Control (ATC) is to separate aircraft so they do not collide, and to move them efficiently through the airspace. Airline traffic is typically required to fly under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) and fly only assigned "airway routes," or over the ocean, "tracks". A collision occurs when two aircraft come into contact during flight or ground operation, often resulting in a catastrophic accident. Accidents included in this category have been the catalyst for advances in equipment and procedures that have resulted in reductions in the rates of collisions between airplanes.

Date	Operator	Flight	City	State	Country	Make	Model	Series
6/30/1956	Trans World Airlines	2	Grand Canyon	Arizona	United States	Lockheed	L-1049 Super Constellation
6/30/1956	United Airlines	718	Grand Canyon	Arizona	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-7
12/16/1960	United Airlines	826	Staten Island	New York	United States	Douglas	DC-8
12/16/1960	Trans World Airlines	266	Staten Island	New York	United States	Lockheed	L-1049 Super Constellation
3/27/1977	KLM	4805	Tenerife	Canary Islands	Spain	Boeing	747	206B
3/27/1977	Pan American World Airways	1736	Tenerife	Canary Islands	Spain	Boeing	747	121
2/11/1978	Pacific Western Airlines	314	Cranbrook	British Columbia	Canada	Boeing	737	275
9/25/1978	Pacific Southwest Airlines	182	San Diego	California	United States	Boeing	727	214
9/25/1978	Gibbs Flite Center		San Diego	California	United States	Cessna	172
8/31/1986	Aeronaves de Mexico, S.A.	498	Cerritos	California	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-9	32
8/31/1986	Private Pilot		Cerritos	California	United States	Piper	PA-28-181
2/1/1991	USAir	1493	Los Angeles	California	United States	Boeing	737	300
2/1/1991	Skywest	5569	Los Angeles	California	United States	Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner	SA-277-AC
7/1/2002	Bashkirian Airlines	2937	Überlingen		Germany	Tupolev	TU154M
7/1/2002	DHL	611	Überlingen		Germany	Boeing	757	200
8/27/2006	Comair	5191	Lexington	Kentucky	United States	Bombardier	CL-600-2B19

Threat Category: Pressurization/ Decompression Failures

Modern transport airplanes can fly at altitudes that are too high to sustain human life. For this reason, and for passenger comfort, airplanes are pressurized so the conditions inside the airplane generally remain at comfortable temperatures and at pressures below 8,000 feet, even when the airplane is flying as high as 51,000 feet. Loss of pressurization in flight presents different hazards depending on how quickly the loss occurs. Without pressurization, airplane occupants can suffer the physiological effects from the extreme cold temperatures as well as lack of oxygen, or hypoxia.

Date	Operator	Flight	City	State	Country	Make	Model	Series
11/3/1973	National Airlines	27	Albuquerque	New Mexico	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-10	10
3/3/1974	Turk Hava	TK981	Paris		France	McDonnell Douglas	DC-10
8/12/1985	Japan Airlines	123	Gunma Prefecture		Japan	Boeing	747	SR
2/24/1989	United Airlines	811	Honolulu	Hawaii	United States	Boeing	747	122
8/14/2005	Helios Airways	52	Hellas		Greece	Boeing	737	300

Threat Category: Structural Failure

In general terms, structural components are found to be adequately robust by a process that initially identifies the structural loading spectrum that the assembly, part, or surface will be expected to experience while in service. This includes the identification of the most severe, but none the less, expected loading conditions. Often, accidents involve the realization that either the original loading conditions are more severe than expected, or the capability of the component, structure, or system had deteriorated due to some unanticipated condition being present.

Date	Operator	Flight	City	State	Country	Make	Model	Series
5/2/1953	British Overseas Airways Corportation	783	Calcutta		India	de Havilland	DH-106 Comet
1/10/1954	British Overseas Airways Corportation	781	Elba		Italy	de Havilland	DH-106 Comet
4/8/1954	South African Airways	201	Naples		Italy	de Havilland	DH-106 Comet
9/29/1959	Braniff Airways	542	Buffalo	Texas	United States	Lockheed	L-188 Electra
3/17/1960	Northwest Airlines	710	Cannelton	Indiana	United States	Lockheed	L-188 Electra
11/23/1962	United Airlines	297	Ellicott City	Maryland	United States	Vickers-Armstrongs	Viscount 745
3/5/1967	Lake Central Airlines	527	Marseilles	Ohio	United States	Convair	340
3/3/1974	Turk Hava	TK981	Paris		France	McDonnell Douglas	DC-10
5/14/1977	Dan-Air Services		Lusaka		Zambia	Boeing	707	300
5/25/1979	American Airlines	191	Chicago	Illinois	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-10
8/12/1985	Japan Airlines	123	Gunma Prefecture		Japan	Boeing	747	SR
4/28/1988	Aloha Airlines	243	Maui	Hawaii	United States	Boeing	737	200
2/24/1989	United Airlines	811	Honolulu	Hawaii	United States	Boeing	747	122
9/11/1991	Continental Express	2574	Eagle Lake	Texas	United States	Embraer	EMB-120RT
10/4/1992	El Al	1862	Amsterdam		Netherlands	Boeing	747	200F
8/21/1995	Atlantic Southeast	529	Carrollton	Georgia	United States	Embraer	EMB-120RT
1/31/2000	Alaska Airlines	261	Anacapa Island	California	United States	McDonnell Douglas	MD-83
7/25/2000	Air France	4590	Paris		France	Concorde
11/12/2001	American Airlines	587	Belle Harbor	NewYork	United States	Airbus	A300	600
5/25/2002	China Airlines	CI611	Makung		Penghu Island	Boeing	747	200
12/19/2005	Chalk's Ocean Airways		Miami Beach	Florida	United States	Grumman Turbo Mallard	G-73T
4/29/2013	National Airlines	102	Bagram		Afghanistan	Boeing	747	400 BCF

Threat Category: Uncommanded Thrust Reversal

The earliest reversing designs involved propeller blade angle control systems which were used as deceleration devices following landing, and were found to be very effective in assisting the airplane brakes in stopping. In contrast, the early turbojet thrust reverser systems were primarily used to help cancel the high idle thrusts of the early turbojet engines, but were not very effective at contributing significant reversing forces used in assisting braking action following landing. As the effectiveness of the reversing systems increased, so did the potential for the hazardous effects of their malfunctions.

Date	Operator	Flight	City	State	Country	Make	Model	Series
2/11/1978	Pacific Western Airlines	314	Cranbrook	British Columbia	Canada	Boeing	737	275
4/5/1991	Atlantic Southeast Airlines	2311	Brunswick	Georgia	United States	Embraer	EMB-120
5/26/1991	Lauda Air	NG004	Bangkok		Thailand	Boeing	767	300ER
10/31/1996	TAM	402	Sao Paulo		Brazil	Fokker	100
11/6/2002	Luxair	LG9642/LH2420	Luxembourg		Luxembourg	Fokker	F27 Mk 050

Threat Category: Uncontained Engine Failure

When turbine engines were first introduced into commercial aviation in the mid 1950's, very little was known about the various failure modes that would soon be experienced involving failures of internal rotating engine parts. These failures often resulted in high energy debris that would penetrate the engine case and occasionally impact the airplane, causing significant damage. As failures continued, lessons were learned about methods needed to reduce the potential for the failures as well as steps that could be taken to protect the airplane.

Date	Operator	Flight	City	State	Country	Make	Model	Series
11/3/1973	National Airlines	27	Albuquerque	New Mexico	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-10	10
11/12/1975	Overseas National Airways	32	Jamaica	New York	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-10	30
8/22/1985	British Airtours	KT28M	Manchester		England	Boeing	737	236
7/19/1989	United Airlines	232	Sioux City	Iowa	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-10
7/6/1996	Delta Airlines	1288	Pensacola	Florida	United States	McDonnell Douglas	MD-88	1288
11/4/2010	Qantas	32	Batam Island		Indonesia	Airbus	A380	842

Threat Category: Uncontrolled Fire/ Smoke

Uncontrolled fire and smoke represents one of the most serious safety threats of all categories. An uncontrolled fire can threaten the airplane and safety of the occupants during ground or flight operations, or following a crash. The threat is related to both the flames and the corresponding heat and smoke, which can become so dense that vision is impaired. Many kinds of smoke also contain toxic gasses that can quickly lead to incapacitation and death. An uncontrolled fire is usually the result of an ignition source (such as electrical arcing) and a substantial or continuous source of fuel (such as aircraft fuel). The accidents included in this threat category represent some of the most significant in helping shape safety requirements and policies related to fire, heat, and smoke threats.

Date	Operator	Flight	City	State	Country	Make	Model	Series
11/11/1965	United Airlines	227	Salt Lake City	Utah	United States	Boeing	727	22
6/23/1967	Mohawk Airlines	40	Blossburg	Pennsylvania	United States	British Aircraft Corporation	BAC 1-11
11/12/1975	Overseas National Airways	32	Jamaica	New York	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-10	30
3/1/1978	Continental Airlines	603	Los Angeles	California	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-10	10
8/19/1980	Saudi Arabian Airlines	163	Riyadh		Saudi Arabia	Lockheed	L-1011	10
6/2/1983	Air Canada	797	Covington	Kentucky	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-9	32
8/22/1985	British Airtours	KT28M	Manchester		England	Boeing	737	236
11/28/1987	South African Airways	295			Mauritius	Boeing	747	244B
5/11/1996	ValuJet Airlines	592	Everglades	Florida	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-9	32
9/2/1998	Swissair	111	Peggy's Cove		Nova Scotia	McDonnell Douglas	MD-11
7/25/2000	Air France	4590	Paris		France	Concorde
8/20/2007	China Airlines	120	Okinawa		Japan	Boeing	737	800
9/3/2010	United Parcel Service	6	Dubai		United Arab Emirates	Boeing	747	44AF
11/4/2010	Qantas	32	Batam Island		Indonesia	Airbus	A380	842

Threat Category: Windshear

Windshear is an atmospheric phenomenon created by a sudden change in wind direction and speed, and can be associated with thunderstorm activity, or can be created by terrain or large buildings. An airplane is most vulnerable when close to the ground, such as during takeoff or landing. In the thunderstorm-related phenomenon, a "microburst" spreading downward and outward first manifests itself as a rapidly increasing headwind, and is sensed by the airplane as an increase in airspeed. The accidents discussed in this category were the catalysts for the development of currently existing windshear mitigation strategies.

Date	Operator	Flight	City	State	Country	Make	Model	Series
6/24/1975	Eastern Airlines	66	Jamaica	New York	United States	Boeing	727	225
8/2/1985	Delta Airlines	191	Dallas/Fort Worth	Texas	United States	Lockheed	L-1011

Groupings: Loss of Control

Loss of Control (LOC) is a significant, unintended departure from a normal/expected trajectory, characterized by a transition from a stable condition into an unstable condition that precludes rapid recovery. LOC may result from airplane failures (icing contamination, flight controls, automated systems), incorrect piloting technique, or encounters with unexpected weather phenomena. LOC may also include ground events during takeoff and landing.

Date	Operator	Flight	City	State	Country	Make	Model	Series
10/4/1960	Eastern Airlines	375	Boston	Massachusetts	United States	Lockheed	L-188 Electra
2/12/1963	Northwest Airlines	705	Miami	Florida	United States	Boeing	720B
11/11/1965	United Airlines	227	Salt Lake City	Utah	United States	Boeing	727	22
3/3/1974	Turk Hava	TK981	Paris		France	McDonnell Douglas	DC-10
6/24/1975	Eastern Airlines	66	Jamaica	New York	United States	Boeing	727	225
2/11/1978	Pacific Western Airlines	314	Cranbrook	British Columbia	Canada	Boeing	737	275
5/25/1979	American Airlines	191	Chicago	Illinois	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-10
1/13/1982	Air Florida	90	Washington	D.C.	United States	Boeing	737	200
8/2/1985	Delta Airlines	191	Dallas/Fort Worth	Texas	United States	Lockheed	L-1011
8/12/1985	Japan Airlines	123	Gunma Prefecture		Japan	Boeing	747	SR
8/16/1987	Northwest Airlines	255	Detroit	Michigan	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-9
3/10/1989	Air Ontario	1363	Dryden	Ontario	Canada	Fokker	28
7/19/1989	United Airlines	232	Sioux City	Iowa	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-10
4/5/1991	Atlantic Southeast Airlines	2311	Brunswick	Georgia	United States	Embraer	EMB-120
5/26/1991	Lauda Air	NG004	Bangkok		Thailand	Boeing	767	300ER
9/11/1991	Continental Express	2574	Eagle Lake	Texas	United States	Embraer	EMB-120RT
12/27/1991	Scandinavian Airlines System	751	Gottröra		Sweden	McDonnell Douglas	MD-81
10/4/1992	El Al	1862	Amsterdam		Netherlands	Boeing	747	200F
9/13/1993	Air France	72	Papeete		French Polynesia	Boeing	747	428B
4/26/1994	China Airlines	140	Nagoya		Japan	Airbus	300B4-622R
9/8/1994	USAir	427	Aliquippa	Pennsylvania	United States	Boeing	737	3B7
10/31/1994	Simmons Airlines American Eagle	4184	Roselawn	Indiana	United States	Avions de Transport Regional	72-212
2/6/1996	Birgenair	ALW301	Puerto Plata		Dominican Republic	Boeing	757	200
10/31/1996	TAM	402	Sao Paulo		Brazil	Fokker	100
1/9/1997	Comair	3272	Monroe	Michigan	United States	Embraer	EMB-120RT
8/7/1997	Fine Air	101	Miami	Florida	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-8	61
6/1/1999	American Airlines	1420	Little Rock	Arkansas	United States	McDonnell Douglas	MD-82
11/12/2001	American Airlines	587	Belle Harbor	NewYork	United States	Airbus	A300	600
11/6/2002	Luxair	LG9642/LH2420	Luxembourg		Luxembourg	Fokker	F27 Mk 050
12/16/2005	Chalk's Ocean Airways		Miami Beach	Florida	United States	Grumman Turbo Mallard	G-73T
8/27/2006	Comair	5191	Lexington	Kentucky	United States	Bombardier	CL-600-2B19
2/12/2009	Colgan Air	3407	Clarence Center	New York	United States	Bombardier	DHC-8-400

Groupings: Controlled Flight Into Terrain

Controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) occurs when an airworthy aircraft is flown, under pilot control, into terrain (water or obstacles) with inadequate awareness on the part of the pilot of the impending collision.

Date	Operator	Flight	City	State	Country	Make	Model	Series
12/29/1972	Eastern Airlines	401	Miami	Florida	United States	Lockheed	L-1011
12/1/1974	Trans World Airlines	514	Mt. Weather	Virginia	United States	Boeing	727	231
2/14/1990	Indian Airlines	605	Bangalore		India	Airbus	A320	321
1/20/1992	Air Inter	IFT148 DA	Strasbourg		France	Airbus	A320	111
12/20/1995	American Airlines	965	Cali		Colombia	Boeing	757	223
8/6/1997	Korean Airlines	801	Nimitz Hill		Guam	Boeing	747	300

Groupings: Approach and Landing

Approach and Landing accidents are accidents that occur during an approach, landing, or rejected landing maneuver. This group may also include accidents that occurred during a missed approach procedure. Approach and landing accidents have historically occurred at a significantly higher rate than takeoff accidents.

Date	Operator	Flight	City	State	Country	Make	Model	Series
11/11/1965	United Airlines	227	Salt Lake City	Utah	United States	Boeing	727	22
12/29/1972	Eastern Airlines	401	Miami	Florida	United States	Lockheed	L-1011
12/1/1974	Trans World Airlines	514	Mt. Weather	Virginia	United States	Boeing	727	231
6/24/1975	Eastern Airlines	66	Jamaica	New York	United States	Boeing	727	225
4/27/1976	American Airlines	625	St. Thomas		Virgin Islands	Boeing	727	95
5/14/1977	Dan-Air Services		Lusaka		Zambia	Boeing	707	300
2/11/1978	Pacific Western Airlines	314	Cranbrook	British Columbia	Canada	Boeing	737	275
9/25/1978	Pacific Southwest Airlines	182	San Diego	California	United States	Boeing	727	214
9/25/1978	Gibbs Flite Center		San Diego	California	United States	Cessna	172
7/23/1983	Air Canada	143	Gimli	Manitoba	Canada	Boeing	767	233
8/31/1986	Aeronaves de Mexico, S.A.	498	Cerritos	California	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-9	32
8/31/1986	Private Pilot		Cerritos	California	United States	Piper	PA-28-181
12/28/1978	United Airlines	173	Portland	Oregon	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-8	61
8/19/1980	Saudi Arabian Airlines	163	Riyadh		Saudi Arabia	Lockheed	L-1011	10
8/2/1985	Delta Airlines	191	Dallas/Fort Worth	Texas	United States	Lockheed	L-1011
5/24/1988	TACA International Airlines	110	New Orleans	Louisiana	United States	Boeing	737	300
1/8/1989	British Midland	92	Kegworth	Leicestershire	England	Boeing	737	400
1/25/1990	Avianca Airlines	52	Long Island	New York	United States	Boeing	707	321B
2/14/1990	Indian Airlines	605	Bangalore		India	Airbus	A320	321
2/1/1991	USAir	1493	Los Angeles	California	United States	Boeing	737	300
2/1/1991	Skywest	5569	Los Angeles	California	United States	Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner	SA-277-AC
4/5/1991	Atlantic Southeast Airlines	2311	Brunswick	Georgia	United States	Embraer	EMB-120
5/26/1991	Lauda Air	NG004	Bangkok		Thailand	Boeing	767	300ER
1/20/1992	Air Inter	IFT148 DA	Strasbourg		France	Airbus	A320	111
9/13/1993	Air France	72	Papeete		French Polynesia	Boeing	747	428B
4/26/1994	China Airlines	140	Nagoya		Japan	Airbus	300B4-622R
9/8/1994	USAir	427	Aliquippa	Pennsylvania	United States	Boeing	737	3B7
10/31/1994	Simmons Airlines American Eagle	4184	Roselawn	Indiana	United States	Avions de Transport Regional	72-212
12/20/1995	American Airlines	965	Cali		Colombia	Boeing	757	223
8/6/1997	Korean Airlines	801	Nimitz Hill		Guam	Boeing	747	300
6/1/1999	American Airlines	1420	Little Rock	Arkansas	United States	McDonnell Douglas	MD-82
11/6/2002	Luxair	LG9642/LH2420	Luxembourg		Luxembourg	Fokker	F27 Mk 050
12/8/2005	Southwest Airlines	1248	Chicago	Illinois	United States	Boeing	737	700
8/20/2007	China Airlines	120	Okinawa		Japan	Boeing	737	800
2/12/2009	Colgan Air	3407	Clarence Center	New York	United States	Bombardier	DHC-8-400

Groupings: Automation

Automation in airplane systems has provided a significant improvement in nearly every aspect of aviation safety. However, occasionally, gaps in the automation/human interface have resulted in accidents.

Date	Operator	Flight	City	State	Country	Make	Model	Series
10/4/1960	Eastern Airlines	375	Boston	Massachusetts	United States	Lockheed	L-188 Electra
1/18/1969	United Airlines	266	Los Angeles	California	United States	Boeing	727	22C
12/29/1972	Eastern Airlines	401	Miami	Florida	United States	Lockheed	L-1011
11/3/1973	National Airlines	27	Albuquerque	New Mexico	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-10	10
3/3/1974	Turk Hava	TK981	Paris		France	McDonnell Douglas	DC-10
2/11/1978	Pacific Western Airlines	314	Cranbrook	British Columbia	Canada	Boeing	737	275
5/25/1979	American Airlines	191	Chicago	Illinois	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-10
8/19/1980	Saudi Arabian Airlines	163	Riyadh		Saudi Arabia	Lockheed	L-1011	10
8/16/1987	Northwest Airlines	255	Detroit	Michigan	United States	McDonnell Douglas	DC-9
2/24/1989	United Airlines	811	Honolulu	Hawaii	United States	Boeing	747	122
2/14/1990	Indian Airlines	605	Bangalore		India	Airbus	A320	321
2/1/1991	USAir	1493	Los Angeles	California	United States	Boeing	737	300
2/1/1991	Skywest	5569	Los Angeles	California	United States	Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner	SA-277-AC
4/5/1991	Atlantic Southeast Airlines	2311	Brunswick	Georgia	United States	Embraer	EMB-120
5/26/1991	Lauda Air	NG004	Bangkok		Thailand	Boeing	767	300ER
12/27/1991	Scandinavian Airlines System	751	Gottröra		Sweden	McDonnell Douglas	MD-81
1/20/1992	Air Inter	IFT148 DA	Strasbourg		France	Airbus	A320	111
9/13/1993	Air France	72	Papeete		French Polynesia	Boeing	747	428B
4/26/1994	China Airlines	140	Nagoya		Japan	Airbus	300B4-622R
10/31/1994	Simmons Airlines American Eagle	4184	Roselawn	Indiana	United States	Avions de Transport Regional	72-212
12/20/1995	American Airlines	965	Cali		Colombia	Boeing	757	223
2/6/1996	Birgenair	ALW301	Puerto Plata		Dominican Republic	Boeing	757	200
7/6/1996	Delta Airlines	1288	Pensacola	Florida	United States	McDonnell Douglas	MD-88	1288
10/31/1996	TAM	402	Sao Paulo		Brazil	Fokker	100
1/9/1997	Comair	3272	Monroe	Michigan	United States	Embraer	EMB-120RT
8/6/1997	Korean Airlines	801	Nimitz Hill		Guam	Boeing	747	300
6/1/1999	American Airlines	1420	Little Rock	Arkansas	United States	McDonnell Douglas	MD-82
8/24/2001	Air Transat	TSC236	Lajes	Azores	Portugal	Airbus	A330	243
7/1/2002	Bashkirian Airlines	2937	Überlingen		Germany	Tupolev	TU154M
7/1/2002	DHL	611	Überlingen		Germany	Boeing	757	200
11/6/2002	Luxair	LG9642/LH2420	Luxembourg		Luxembourg	Fokker	F27 Mk 050
8/14/2005	Helios Airways	52	Hellas		Greece	Boeing	737	300
12/8/2005	Southwest Airlines	1248	Chicago	Illinois	United States	Boeing	737	700

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